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We consider inflation as an effective field theory and study the effects ofthe addition to the Lagrangian of irrelevant operators with higher powers offirst derivatives on its dynamics and observables. We find that significantdeviations from the two-derivative dynamics are possible within the regime ofvalidity of the effective field theory. Focusing on monomial potentials we showthat the main effect of the terms under consideration is to reduce the speed ofsound thereby reducing the tensor fraction, while having little impact on thescalar tilt. Crucially, these effects can arise even when the UV cut-off iswell above the inflationary Hubble parameter.

UV physics and the speed of sound during inflation