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As the size and complexity of software systems increase, the number andsophistication of software security flaws increase as well. The analysis ofthese flaws began as a manual approach, but it soon became apparent that toolswere necessary to assist human experts in this task, resulting in a number oftechniques and approaches that automated aspects of the vulnerability analysisprocess.  Recently, DARPA carried out the Cyber Grand Challenge, a competition amongautonomous vulnerability analysis systems designed to push the tool-assistedhuman-centered paradigm into the territory of complete automation. However,when the autonomous systems were pitted against human experts it became clearthat certain tasks, albeit simple, could not be carried out by an autonomoussystem, as they require an understanding of the logic of the application underanalysis.  Based on this observation, we propose a shift in the vulnerability analysisparadigm, from tool-assisted human-centered to human-assisted tool-centered. Inthis paradigm, the automated system orchestrates the vulnerability analysisprocess, and leverages humans (with different levels of expertise) to performwell-defined sub-tasks, whose results are integrated in the analysis. As aresult, it is possible to scale the analysis to a larger number of programs,and, at the same time, optimize the use of expensive human resources.  In this paper, we detail our design for a human-assisted automatedvulnerability analysis system, describe its implementation atop an open-sourcedautonomous vulnerability analysis system that participated in the Cyber GrandChallenge, and evaluate and discuss the significant improvements thatnon-expert human assistance can offer to automated analysis approaches.

Rise of the HaCRS: Augmenting Autonomous Cyber Reasoning Systems with Human Assistance