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The application domains of civilian unmanned aerial systems (UASs) includeagriculture, exploration, transportation, and entertainment. The expectedgrowth of the UAS industry brings along new challenges: Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) flight control signaling requires low throughput, but extremely highreliability, whereas the data rate for payload data can be significant. Thispaper develops UAV number projections and concludes that small and micro UAVswill dominate the US airspace with accelerated growth between 2028 and 2032. Weanalyze the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform becauseit can provide the much needed flexibility, spectral efficiency, and,potentially, reliability and derive suitable OFDM waveform parameters as afunction of UAV flight characteristics. OFDM also lends itself to agilespectrum access. Based on our UAV growth predictions, we conclude that dynamicspectrum access is needed and discuss the applicability of spectrum sharingtechniques for future UAS communications.

Waveform and Spectrum Management for Unmanned Aerial Systems Beyond 2025