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Device-free localization plays an important role in many ubiquitousapplications. Among the different technologies proposed, Wi-Fi based technologyusing commercial devices has attracted much attention due to its low cost, easeof deployment, and high potential for accurate localization. Existing solutionsuse either fingerprints that require labor-intensive radio-map survey andupdates, or models constructed from empirical studies with dense deployment ofWi-Fi transceivers. In this work, we explore the Fresnel Zone Theory in physicsand propose a generic Fresnel Penetration Model (FPM), which reveals the linearrelationship between specific Fresnel zones and multicarrier Fresnel phasedifference, along with the Fresnel phase offset caused by static multipathenvironments. We validate FPM in both outdoor and complex indoor environments.Furthermore, we design a multicarrier FPM based device-free localization system(MFDL), which overcomes a number of practical challenges, particularly theFresnel phase difference estimation and phase offset calibration inmultipath-rich indoor environments. Extensive experimental results show thatcompared with the state-of-the-art work (LiFS), our MFDL system achieves betterlocalization accuracy with much fewer number of Wi-Fi transceivers.Specifically, using only three transceivers, the median localization error ofMFDL is as low as 45$cm$ in an outdoor environment of 36$m^2$, and 55$cm$ inindoor settings of 25$m^2$. Increasing the number of transceivers to fourallows us to achieve 75$cm$ median localization error in a 72$m^2$ indoor area,compared with the 1.1$m$ median localization error achieved by LiFS using 11transceivers in a 70$m^2$ area.

MFDL: A Multicarrier Fresnel Penetration Model based Device-Free Localization System leveraging Commodity Wi-Fi Cards