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We introduce and investigate *targeting adversaries* who selectively attackusers of Tor or other secure-communication networks. We argue that attacks bysuch adversaries are more realistic and more significant threats to those mostrelying on Tor's protection than are attacks in prior analyses of Tor security.Previous research and Tor design decisions have focused on protecting againstadversaries who are equally interested in any user of the network. Ouradversaries selectively target users---e.g., those who visit a particularwebsite or chat on a particular private channel---and essentially disregard Torusers other than these. We present a model of such adversaries and investigatethree example cases where particular users might be targeted: a cabalconducting meetings using MTor, a published Tor multicast protocol; a cabalmeeting on a private IRC channel; and users visiting a particular .onionwebsite. In general for our adversaries, compromise is much faster and providesmore feedback and possibilities for adaptation than do attacks examined inprior work. We also discuss selection of websites for targeting of their usersbased on the distribution across users of site activity. We describeadversaries both attempting to learn the size of a cabal meeting online or of aset of sufficiently active visitors to a targeted site and attempting toidentify guards of each targeted user. We compare the threat of targetingadversaries versus previously considered adversaries, and we briefly sketchpossible countermeasures for resisting targeting adversaries.

Onions in the Crosshairs: When The Man really is out to get you