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Causality implies that by measuring an absorption spectrum, thetime-dependent linear response function can be retrieved. Recent experimentssuggest a link between the shape of spectral lines observed in absorptionspectroscopy with the amplitude and phase of the systems response function.This has even been observed in the presence of strong, nonlinear interactions,which promote the observed system out of equilibrium, making it explicitly timedependent. Thus far, however, only the special case of a sudden modification ofthe response function was understood analytically, leaving the general case ofthe dynamical response to arbitrary interactions open to interpretation. Here,we demonstrate that even for the case of a strongly driven, time-dependentsystem, one can reconstruct the full temporal response information from asingle spectrum if a sufficiently short signal is used to trigger theabsorption process. This finding is directly applied to a time-domainobservation of Rabi cycling between doubly-excited atomic states in thefew-femtosecond regime. This general approach unlocks single-shotreal-time-resolved signal reconstruction across time scales down to attosecondsfor non-equilibrium states of matter. In contrast to available pump-probeschemes, there is no need for scanning time delays in order to access real-timeinformation. The scientific applications of this technique range from testingfundamental quantum dynamics, to measuring and controlling ultrafast, chemicaland biological reaction processes.

Real-time reconstruction of complex non-equilibrium quantum dynamics of matter