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Ultrahigh-resolution optical strain sensors provide powerful tools in variousscientific and engineering fields, ranging from long-baseline interferometersto civil and aerospace industries. Here we demonstrate an ultrahigh-resolutionfibre strain sensing method by directly detecting the time-of-flight (TOF)change of the optical pulse train generated from a free-running passivelymode-locked laser (MLL) frequency comb. We achieved a local strain resolutionof 18 p{\epsilon}/Hz1/2 and 1.9 p{\epsilon}/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz and 3 kHz,respectively, with largedynamic range of >154 dB at 3 kHz. For remote-pointsensing at 1-km distance, 80 p{\epsilon}/Hz1/2 (at 1 Hz) and 2.2p{\epsilon}/Hz1/2 (at 3 kHz) resolution is demonstrated. While attaining bothultrahigh resolution and large dynamic range, the demonstrated method can bereadily extended for multiple-point sensing as well by taking advantage of thebroad optical comb spectra. These advantages may allow various applications ofthis sensor in geophysical science, structural health monitoring, andunderwater science.

Ultrasensitive, high-dynamic-range and broadband strain sensing by time-of-flight detection with femtosecond-laser frequency combs