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Humans rely on the foot's stiffness to withstand the propulsive forces ofwalking and running. The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and the transversetarsal arch (TTA) are key adaptations that increase the human midfoot'slongitudinal bending stiffness. The TTA is hypothesized to increase stiffnessthrough a cross-axis coupling between transverse tissue stiffness andlongitudinal midfoot stiffness. However, we currently lack in vivo tests ofthis hypothesis. Such tests are crucial because muscle contraction considerablymodulates MLA function and may also affect the TTA's predicted cross-axiscoupling. Here we show in vivo evidence for substantial cross-axis coupling instanding human subjects. We found that longitudinal midfoot bending stiffnessincreased upon increasing transverse forefoot stiffness using an elastic tape(mean$\pm$standard error = $76\% \pm 19\%$, p=0.0002), thus supporting the TTAhypothesis. The cross-axis coupling could be a potential therapeutic target forsome foot disorders and help augment foot stiffness for athletics.

Transverse contributions to the longitudinal stiffness of the human foot