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Increasing evidence suggests that cortical dynamics during wake exhibitslong-range temporal correlations suitable to integrate inputs over extendedperiods of time to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in decision-making andworking memory tasks. Accordingly, sleep has been suggested as a statecharacterized by a breakdown of long-range correlations; detailed measurementsof neuronal timescales that support this view, however, have so far beenlacking. Here we show that the long timescales measured at the individualneuron level in freely-behaving rats during the awake state are abrogatedduring non-REM (NREM) sleep. We provide evidence for the existence of twodistinct states in terms of timescale dynamics in cortex: one which ischaracterized by long timescales which dominate during wake and REM sleep, anda second one characterized by the absence of long-range temporal correlationswhich characterizes NREM sleep. We observe that both timescale regimes canco-exist and, in combination, lead to an apparent gradual decline of longtimescales during extended wake which is restored after sleep. Our resultsprovide a missing link between the observed long timescales in individualneuron fluctuations during wake and the reported absence of long-termcorrelations during deep sleep in EEG and fMRI studies. They furthermoresuggest a network-level function of sleep, to reorganize cortical networkstowards states governed by slow cortex dynamics to ensure optimal function forthe time awake.

The interplay between long- and short-range temporal correlations shapes cortex dynamics across vigilance states