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We propose a framework to engineer synthetic-inertia and droop-controlparameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) so that the system frequencyin a network composed of DERs and synchronous generators conforms to prescribedtransient and steady-state performance specifications. Our approach is groundedin a second-order lumped-parameter model that captures the dynamics ofsynchronous generators and frequency-responsive DERs endowed with inertial anddroop control. A key feature of this reduced-order model is that its parameterscan be related to those of the originating higher-order dynamical model. Thisallows one to systematically design the DER inertial and droop-controlcoefficients leveraging classical frequency-domain response characteristics ofsecond-order systems. Time-domain simulations validate the accuracy of themodel-reduction method and demonstrate how DER controllers can be designed tomeet steady-state-regulation and transient-performance specifications.

Engineering Inertial and Primary-frequency Response for Distributed Energy Resources