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An elementary approach is employed to show that genuine surface effects coulddestabilize surface plasma waves (SPWs) supported on the interface between ametal and a dielectric (usually the vacuum) and give rise to an intrinsicchannel of gain for these waves. A comprehensive SPW theory is presented takinginto account both the inter-band transition effects and the dielectric effects.Experimental consequences, especially in regard to the possibility ofovercompensating for the energy losses suffered by SPWs, are exemplified fortwo common plasmonic materials: silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al). In both metals,the intrinsic channel of gain is shown having substantially reduced butinsufficient to overcompensate for the losses, for different reasons. In Ag,the inter-band transition effects significantly weaken the intrinsic gainchannel and make it unable to overcompensate for the losses, while in Al it isbecause the loss rate is too big. Nevertheless, we find it possible to enhancethe intrinsic gain rate by replacing the vacuum with a moderate dielectric sothat the losses can be overcompensated in Ag. This prediction is ready forexperimental exploitation.

Beating plasmonic losses with an intrinsic channel of gain: the cases with Ag and Al