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The dynamic process of a laser or particle beam propagating from vacuum intounderdense plasma has been investigated theoretically. Our theoretical modelcombines a Lagrangian fluid model with the classic quasistatic wakefieldtheory. It is found that background electrons can be injected into wakefieldsbecause sharp vacuum-plasma transitions can reduce the injection threshold. Theinjection condition, injection threshold as well as the injection length can begiven theoretically by our model and are compared with results from computersimulations. Moreover, electron beams of high qualities can be produced nearthe injection thresholds and the proposed scheme is promising in reducing theinjection threshold and improving the beam qualities of plasma basedaccelerators.

Electron dynamics and injection in plasma-based accelerators with sharp vacuum-plasma transitions