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Borneo contains some of the world's most biodiverse and carbon dense tropicalforest, but this 750,000-km2 island has lost 62% of its old-growth forestswithin the last 40 years. Efforts to protect and restore the remaining forestsof Borneo hinge on recognising the ecosystem services they provide, includingtheir ability to store and sequester carbon. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is aremote sensing technology that allows forest structural properties to becaptured in great detail across vast geographic areas. In recent years ALS hasbeen integrated into state-wide assessment of forest carbon in Neotropical andAfrican regions, but not yet in Asia. For this to happen new regional modelsneed to be developed for estimating carbon stocks from ALS in tropical Asia, asthe forests of this region are structurally and compositionally distinct fromthose found elsewhere in the tropics. By combining ALS imagery with data from173 permanent forest plots spanning the lowland rain forests of Sabah, on theisland of Borneo, we develop a simple-yet-general model for estimating forestcarbon stocks using ALS-derived canopy height and canopy cover as inputmetrics. An advanced feature of this new model is the propagation ofuncertainty in both ALS- and ground-based data, allowing uncertainty inhectare-scale estimates of carbon stocks to be quantified robustly. We showthat the model effectively captures variation in aboveground carbons stocksacross extreme disturbance gradients spanning tall dipterocarp forests andheavily logged regions, and clearly outperforms existing ALS-based modelscalibrated for the tropics, as well as currently available satellite-derivedproducts. Our model provides a simple, generalised and effective approach formapping forest carbon stocks in Borneo, providing a key tool to support theprotection and restoration of its tropical forests.

A regional model for estimating the aboveground carbon density of Borneo's tropical forests from airborne laser scanning