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As LoRaWAN networks are actively being deployed in the field, it is importantto comprehend the limitations of this Low Power Wide Area Network technology.Previous work has raised questions in terms of the scalability and capacity ofLoRaWAN networks as the number of end devices grows to hundreds or thousandsper gateway. Some works have modeled LoRaWAN networks as pure ALOHA networks,which fails to capture important characteristics such as the capture effect andthe effects of interference. Other works provide a more comprehensive model byrelying on empirical and stochastic techniques. This work uses a differentapproach where a LoRa error model is constructed from extensive complexbaseband bit error rate simulations and used as an interference model. Theerror model is combined with the LoRaWAN MAC protocol in an ns-3 module thatenables to study multi channel, multi spreading factor, multi gateway,bi-directional LoRaWAN networks with thousands of end devices. Using thelorawan ns-3 module, a scalability analysis of LoRaWAN shows the detrimentalimpact of downstream traffic on the delivery ratio of confirmed upstreamtraffic. The analysis shows that increasing gateway density can ameliorate butnot eliminate this effect, as stringent duty cycle requirements for gatewayscontinue to limit downstream opportunities.

Scalability analysis of large-scale LoRaWAN networks in ns-3