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An environmental cell high resolution electron microscope (EHREM) has beendeveloped for in situ studies of dynamic chemical reactions on the atomicscale. It allows access to metastable intermediate phases of catalysts and tosequences of reversible microstructural and chemical development associatedwith the activation, deactivation and poisoning of a catalyst. Materialstransported through air can be restored or recreated and samples damaged, e.g.by dehydration, by the usual vacuum environment in a conventional electronmicroscope can be preserved. A Philips C M30 HRTEM and STEM system has beenextensively modified in our laboratory to add facilities for in situ gas-solidreaction studies in controlled atmospheres of gas or vapor at pressures of 0 to50 mbar, instead of the regular TEM high vacuum environment. The integrated newenvironmental cell capability is combined with the original 0.23 nm TEMresolution, STEM imaging (bright field and annular dark field) and chemical andcrystallographic microanalyses. Regular sample holders are used and include hotstages to higher than 1000 C. Examples of applications include direct studiesof dynamic reactions with supported metal particle catalysts, the generation ofdefects and structural changes in practical complex oxide catalyst systemsunder operating conditions and carbon microstructures.

Environmental high resolution electron microscopy and applications to chemical science