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We considered a generic case of pre-transitional materials with staticstress-generating defects, dislocations and coherent nano-precipitates, attemperatures close but above the starting temperature of martensitictransformation, Ms. Using the Phase Field Microelasticity theory and 3Dsimulation, we demonstrated that the local stress generated by these defectsproduces equilibrium nano-size martensitic embryos (MEs) in pre-transitionalstate, these embryos being orientation variants of martensite. This is a newtype of equilibrium: the thermoelastic equilibrium between the MEs and parentphase in which the total volume of MEs and their size are equilibrium internalthermodynamic parameters. This thermoelastic equilibrium exists only inpresence of the stress-generating defects. Cooling the pre-transitional statetowards Ms or applying the external stimuli, stress or magnetic field, resultsin a shift of the thermoelastic equilibrium provided by a reversibleanhysteretic growth of MEs that results in a giant ME-generated macroscopicstrain. In particular, this effect can be associated with the diffuse phasetransformations observed in some ferroelectrics above the Curie point. It isshown that the ME-generated strain is giant and describes a superelasticity ifthe applied field is stress. It describes a super magnetostriction if themartensite (or austenite) are ferromagnetic and the applied field is a magneticfield. In general, the material with defects can be a multiferroic with a giantmultiferroic response if the parent and martensitic phase have differentferroic properties. Finally the ME-generated strain may explain or, at least,contribute to the Invar and Elinvar effects that are typically observed inpre-transitional austenite. The thermoelastic equilibrium and all these effectsexist only if the interaction between the defects and MEs is infinite-range.

Responses of Pre-transitional Materials with Stress-Generating Defects  to External Stimuli: Superelasticity, Supermagnetostriction, Invar and  Elinvar Effects