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Bose-Einstein condensate of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavityis a macroscopically populated coherent quantum state subject to concurrentpumping and decay. Debates about the fundamental nature of the condensed phasein this open quantum system still persist. Here, we gain a new insight into thespontaneous condensation process by imaging long-lifetime exciton polaritons ina high-quality inorganic microcavity in the single-shot optical excitationregime, without averaging over multiple condensate realisations. In this highlynon-stationary regime, a condensate is strongly influenced by the `hot'incoherent reservoir, and reservoir depletion is critical for the transition tothe ground energy and momentum state. Condensates formed by more photonicexciton polaritons exhibit dramatic reservoir-induced density filamentation andshot-to-shot fluctuations. In contrast, condensates of more excitonicquasiparticles display smooth density and are second-order coherent. Ourobservations show that the single-shot measurements offer a unique opportunityto study formation of macroscopic phase coherence during a quantum phasetransition in a solid state system.

Spontaneous condensation of exciton polaritons in the single-shot regime