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In this paper, we present techniques and examples to reduce power consumptionand increase energy efficiency of autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs) forthe Internet of Things. We focus on the RF Energy Harvester (RFEH), the datareceiver and the transmitter, all of which have a large impact on the devicecost, lifetime and functionality. Co-design of the antenna and the electronicsis explored to boost the power conversion efficiency of the RF-DC converter. Asa proof of principle, a charge pump rectifier is designed, and its measurementresults are presented. To boost the rectifier output voltage, a DC-DC converterthat employs maximum power point tracking has been designed. A prototypecircuit is also presented that can accommodate an input power level range of 1{\mu}W to 1 mW and offers peak efficiencies of 76.3% and 82% at 1 {\mu}W and 1mW, respectively. The co-design principle is also used at the receiver sidewhere the antenna-electronics interface is optimized. It is shown how thistechnique allows improving the noise figure of the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)without sacrificing power consumption. As a low power alternative tonarrow-band wireless transmission, sub-GHz ultra-wideband is proposed. As aproof of principle, the design of a novel low-power sub-GHzUltra-Wide-Bandwidth (UWB) transmitter which consumes only 0.28 mW ispresented. Its working principle is verified by means of circuit simulationsand measurements. The low power nature of the transmitter and receiverprinciples, combined with the power efficient RF-DC converter paves the waytowards the continuous operation of a WSN.

Energy-Efficient Low-Power Circuit Techniques for Wireless Energy and Data Transfer in IoT Sensor Nodes