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There are two major questions that neuroimaging studies attempt to answer:First, how are sensory stimuli represented in the brain (which we term thestimulus-based setting)? And, second, how does the brain generate cognition(termed the response-based setting)? There has been a lively debate in theneuroimaging community whether encoding and decoding models can provideinsights into these questions. In this commentary, we construct two simple andanalytically tractable examples to demonstrate that while an encoding modelanalysis helps with the former, neither model is appropriate to satisfactorilyanswer the latter question. Consequently, we argue that if we want tounderstand how the brain generates cognition, we need to move beyond theencoding versus decoding dichotomy and instead discuss and develop tools thatare specifically tailored to our endeavour.

The right tool for the right question --- beyond the encoding versus decoding dichotomy