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The need for low power, long range and low cost connectivity to meet therequirements of IoT applications has led to the emergence of Low Power WideArea (LPWA) networking technologies. The promise of these technologies towirelessly connect massive numbers of geographically dispersed devices at a lowcost continues to attract a great deal of attention in the academic andcommercial communities. Several rollouts are already underway even though theperformance of these technologies is yet to be fully understood. In light ofthese developments, tools to carry out `what-if analyses' and pre-deploymentstudies are needed to understand the implications of choices that are made atdesign time. While there are several promising technologies in the LPWA space,this paper specifically focuses on the LoRa/LoRaWAN technology. In particular,we present LoRaWANSim, a simulator which extends the LoRaSim tool to addsupport for the LoRaWAN MAC protocol, which employs bidirectionalcommunication. This is a salient feature not available in any other LoRasimulator. Subsequently, we provide vital insights into the performance ofLoRaWAN based networks through extensive simulations. In particular, we showthat the achievable network capacity reported in earlier studies is quiteoptimistic. The introduction of downlink traffic can have a significant impacton the uplink throughput. The number of transmit attempts recommended in theLoRaWAN specification may not always be the best choice. We also highlight theenergy consumption versus reliability trade-offs associated with the choice ofnumber of retransmission attempts.

Does Bidirectional Traffic Do More Harm Than Good in LoRaWAN Based LPWA Networks?