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Autonomous and self-driving vehicles are appearing on the public highways.These vehicles commonly use wireless communication techniques for bothvehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. Manufacturers,regulators and the public are understandably concerned about large-scalesystems failure or malicious attack via these wireless vehicular networks. Thispaper explores the use of sensing and signalling devices that are commonlyintegrated into modern vehicles for side-channel communication purposes.Visible light (using a CMOS camera) and acoustic (ultrasonic audio)side-channel encoding techniques are proposed, developed and evaluated in thiscontext. The side-channels are examined both theoretically and experimentallyand an upper bound on the line code modulation rate that is achievable withthese side channel schemes in the vehicular networking context is established.A novel inter-vehicle session key establishment protocol, leveraging bothside-channels and a blockchain public key infrastructure, is then presented. Inlight of the limited channel capacity and the interoperability/securityrequirements for vehicular communications, techniques for constraining thethroughput requirement, providing device independence and validating thelocation of the intended recipient vehicle, are presented. These reduce thenecessary device handshake throughput to 176 bits for creating symmetricencryption and message authentication keys and in verifying a vehicle'scertificate with a recognised certification authority.

Securing Vehicle to Vehicle Communications using Blockchain through Visible Light and Acoustic Side-Channels