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Polarization of optical starlight and far-infrared thermal dust emission dueto alignment of interstellar grains offers a powerful window to study magneticfields in the various astrophysical environments, from the diffuse interstellarmedium to accretion disks surrounding young stars. Precision cosmology requiresaccurate model of Galactic dust polarization for the first detection of CosmicMicrowave Background (CMB) B-modes signal. Such an accurate model is onlyachieved when a quantitative theory of grain alignment that links grainalignment efficiency with local physical conditions and dust properties isdeveloped and tested. In this paper, we review the successful development ofsuch a quantitative alignment theory, focusing on a unified model of grainalignment based on radiative torques and magnetic relaxation for dust grainsincorporated with iron inclusions. We discuss the implication of the unifiedalignment model for interpreting the latest observational results by Planck andALMA.

Quantitative Polarimetry: A Unified Model of Dust Grain Alignment by Magnetic Radiative Torques