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Rechargeable redox flow batteries with serpentine flow field designs havebeen demonstrated to deliver higher current density and power density in mediumand large-scale stationary energy storage applications. Nevertheless, thefundamental mechanisms involved with improved current density in flow batterieswith flow field designs have not been understood. Here we report a maximumcurrent density concept associated with stoichiometric availability ofelectrolyte reactant flow penetration through the porous electrode that can beachieved in a flow battery system with a "zero-gap"serpentine flow fieldarchitecture. This concept can explain a higher current density achieved withinallowing reactions of all species soluble in the electrolyte. Furthervalidations with experimental data are confirmed by an example of a vanadiumflow battery with a serpentine flow structure over carbon paper electrode.

Rechargeable redox flow batteries: Maximum current density with electrolyte flow reactant penetration in a serpentine flow structure