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The ability to cool and manipulate levitated nano-particles in vacuum is apromising new tool for exploring macroscopic quantummechanics\cite{WanPRL2016,Scala2013,Zhang2013}, precision measurements offorces, \cite{GambhirPRA2016} and non-equilibrium thermodynamics\cite{GieselerNatNano2014,MillenNat2014}. The extreme isolation afforded byoptical levitation offers a low noise, undamped environment that has to datebeen used to measure zeptonewton forces \cite{GambhirPRA2016}, radiationpressure shot noise,\cite{Jain2016} and to demonstrate the cooling of thecentre-of-mass motion \cite{LiNatPhys2011,Gieseler2012}. Ground state cooling,and the creation and measurement of macroscopic quantum superpositions, are nowwithin reach, but control of both the center-of-mass and internal temperatureis required. While cooling the centre-of-mass motion to microKelvintemperatures has now been achieved, the internal temperature has remained at orwell above room temperature. Here we demonstrate refrigeration of levitatedYb$^{3+}$:YLF from room temperature to 130 K using anti-Stokes fluorescencecooling, while simultaneously using the optical trapping field to align thecrystal to maximise cooling.

A laser cooled nanocryostat: Refrigeration, alignment and rotation of levitated Yb$^{+3}$:YLF nanocrystals