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Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) consisting of sensor nodes withbatteries have been at the forefront of sensing and communication technologiesin the last few years. Sensor networks with different missions are beingmassively rolled out, particularly in the internet-of-things commercial market.To ensure sustainable operation of WRSNs, charging in a timely fashion is veryimportant, since lack of energy of even a single sensor node could result inserious outcomes. With the large number of WRSNs existing and to be existed,energy-efficient charging schemes are becoming indispensable to workplaces thatdemand a proper level of operating cost. Selection of charging scheme dependson network parameters such as the distribution pattern of sensor nodes, themobility of the charger, and the availability of the directional antenna. Amongcurrent charging techniques, radio frequency (RF) remote charging with a smalltransmit antenna is gaining interest when non-contact type charging is requiredfor sensor nodes. RF charging is particularly useful when sensor nodes aredistributed in the service area. To obtain higher charging efficiency with RFcharging, optimal path planning for mobile chargers, and the beamformingtechnique, implemented by making use of a directional antenna, can beconsidered. In this article, we present a review of RF charging for WRSNs fromthe perspectives of charging by mobile charger, harvesting using sensor nodes,and energy trading between sensor nodes. The concept of a pivot cluster head isintroduced and a novel RF charging scheme in two stages, consisting of chargingpivot cluster heads by a mobile charger with a directional antenna and chargingmember sensor nodes by pivot cluster heads with directional antennae, ispresented.

Charging Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Charger and Infrastructure Pivot Cluster Heads