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This study extended research on the development of explanatory labels forastronomical images for the non-expert lay public. The research questionsaddressed how labels with leading questions/metaphors and relevance to everydaylife affect comprehension of the intended message for deep space images, thedesire to learn more, and the aesthetic appreciation of images. Participantswere a convenience sample of 1,921 respondents solicited from a variety ofwebsites and through social media who completed an online survey that used fourhigh-resolution images as stimuli: Sagittarius A*, Solar Flare, Cassiopeia A,and the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101). Participants were randomly assigned initiallyto 1 of 3 label conditions: the standard label originally written for theimage, a label with a leading question containing a metaphor related to theinformation for the image, or a label that contained a fact about the imagerelevant to everyday life. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 image andcompared all labels for that image. Open-ended items at various points askedparticipants to pose questions to a hypothetical astronomer. Main findings werethat the relevance condition was significantly more likely to increase wantingto learn more; the original label was most likely to increase overallappreciation; and, smart phone users were more likely to want to learn more andreport increased levels of appreciation. Results are discussed in terms of theneed to examine individual viewer characteristics and goals in creatingdifferent labels for different audiences.

Black Holes and Vacuum Cleaners: Using Metaphor, Relevance, and Inquiry in Labels for Space Images