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The concept of gauge theories progressively emerged during the 20th centurywhile the building of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. This workfocusses on some aspects of gauge theories. First, a modern interpretation ofMaxwell's equations in terms of differential forms motivates a geometricdefinition of gauge theories as a theory of connections on principle bundles.After presenting some historical facts about the notion of gauge in particlephysics, the geometrical construction is used to study the electroweak theoryand the SM. Though the SM has not been defaulted by any experiments yet, itstill remains theoretically incomplete. The Higgs boson discovered in 2012 atLHC, is a particle about which we do not know lots yet. Some interesting cluesabout how one should extend the SM could be obtained through the observation ofsignificant deviations between the measured value of some parameter of theHiggs boson, and the one predicted by the SM. The trilinear Higgs coupling isone of those interesting parameters. The last part of this work is aphenomenological study of the impact of variations of this coupling on thedistributions one can typically get from the CMS particle detector, at LHC.

De la structure de jauge des \'equations de Maxwell \`a l'\'etude des  th\'eories au del\`a du Mod\`ele Standard gr\^ace \`a la mesure du couplage  trilin\'eaire du champ de Higgs