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Industrial development is the process by which economies learn how to producenew products and services. But how do economies learn? And who do they learnfrom? The literature on economic geography and economic development hasemphasized two learning channels: inter-industry learning, which involveslearning from related industries; and inter-regional learning, which involveslearning from neighboring regions. Here we use 25 years of data describing theevolution of China's economy between 1990 and 2015--a period when Chinamultiplied its GDP per capita by a factor of ten--to explore how Chineseprovinces diversified their economies. First, we show that the probability thata province will develop a new industry increases with the number of relatedindustries that are already present in that province, a fact that is suggestiveof inter-industry learning. Also, we show that the probability that a provincewill develop an industry increases with the number of neighboring provincesthat are developed in that industry, a fact suggestive of inter-regionallearning. Moreover, we find that the combination of these two channels exhibitdiminishing returns, meaning that the contribution of either of these learningchannels is redundant when the other one is present. Finally, we addressendogeneity concerns by using the introduction of high-speed rail as aninstrument to isolate the effects of inter-regional learning. Ourdifferences-in-differences (DID) analysis reveals that the introduction of highspeed-rail increased the industrial similarity of pairs of provinces connectedby high-speed rail. Also, industries in provinces that were connected by railincreased their productivity when they were connected by rail to otherprovinces where that industry was already present. These findings suggest thatinter-regional and inter-industry learning played a role in China's greateconomic expansion.

Collective Learning in China's Regional Economic Development