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This paper analyzes birth cohort effects and develops an approach which isbased on differential geometry to identify and measure cohort effects inmortality data sets. The measurement is quantitative and provides a potentialmethod to compare cohort effects among different countries or groups. Data setsof four countries (e.g. U.k., U.S., Canada and Japan) are taken as examples toexplain our approach and applications of the measurement to a modifiedLee-Carter model are analyzed. In fact, this paper is an upgrade version of ourpaper arXiv:1504.00327. There is a new section which gives applications of ourapproach based on the Lee-Carter and APC models.

Analysis on Cohort Effects in view of Differential Geometry and its Applications