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This thesis tackles the vast question of generating accelerated periods ofexpansion of the universe. Models loosely related were developed in the earlyand late universe. In the early universe, generalizations of the Schwingereffect were developed in curved (de Sitter) space and some backreaction effectswere estimated. In the late universe, a fractal model was developed andconfronted to supernovae data. This relies on the idea of an acceleratedexpanding universe being nothing but a mirage due to inhomogeneities disposedin a fractal (in this particular model) way. Finally a model of interactingenergy based on an Einstein-Cartan gravitational theory was phenomenologicallyinvestigated.

On early and late phases of acceleration of the expansion of the universe