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Human movements are physical processes combining the classical mechanics ofthe human body moving in space and the biomechanics of the muscles generatingthe forces acting on the body under sophisticated sensory-motor control. Thecharacterization of the performance of human movements is a problem withimportant applications in clinical and sports research. One way to characterizemovement performance is through measures of energy efficiency that relate themechanical energy of the body and metabolic energy expended by the muscles.Such a characterization provides information about the performance of amovement insofar as subjects select movements with the aim of maximizing theenergy efficiency. We examine the case of the energy efficiency of asynchronousarm-cranking doing external mechanical work, that is, using the arms to turn anasynchronous arm-crank that performs external mechanical work. We construct ametabolic energy model and use it estimate how cranking may be performed withmaximum energy efficiency, and recover the intuitive result that for largerexternal forces the crank-handles should be placed as far from the center ofthe crank as is comfortable for the subject to turn. We further examinemechanical advantage in asynchronous arm-cranking by constructing an idealizedsystem that is driven by a crank and which involves an adjustable mechanicaladvantage, and analyze the case in which the avg. frequency is fixed and derivethe mechanical advantages that maximize energy efficiency.

Patterns of Selection of Human Movements IV: Energy Efficiency, Mechanical Advantage, and Asynchronous Arm-Cranking