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We are living in an uncertain and dynamically changing world, where optimaldecision-making under uncertainty is directly linked to the survival ofspecies. However, evolutionary selection pressures that shape value-baseddecision-making under uncertainty have thus far received limited attention.Here, we demonstrate that fitness associated with different value-baseddecision-making preferences is influenced by the value properties of theenvironment, as well as the characteristics and the density of competitors inthe population. We show that risk-seeking tendencies will eventually dominatethe population, when there are a relatively large number of discrete strategiescompeting in volatile value environments. These results may have importantimplications for behavioural ecology: (i) to inform the prediction that specieswhich naturally exhibit risk-averse characteristics and live alongsiderisk-seeking competitors may be selected against; (ii) to potentially improveour understanding of day-traders value-based decision-making preferences involatile financial markets in terms of an environmental adaptation.

Evolution of value-based decision-making preferences in the population