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One of key 5G scenarios is that device-to-device (D2D) and massivemultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) will be co-existed. However, interferencein the uplink D2D underlaid massive MIMO cellular networks needs to becoordinated, due to the vast cellular and D2D transmissions. To this end, thispaper introduces a spatially dynamic power control solution for mitigating thecellular-to-D2D and D2D-to-cellular interference. In particular, the proposedD2D power control policy is rather flexible including the special cases of noD2D links or using maximum transmit power. Under the considered power control,an analytical approach is developed to evaluate the spectral efficiency (SE)and energy efficiency (EE) in such networks. Thus, the exact expressions of SEfor a cellular user or D2D transmitter are derived, which quantify the impactsof key system parameters such as massive MIMO antennas and D2D density.Moreover, the D2D scale properties are obtained, which provide the sufficientconditions for achieving the anticipated SE. Numerical results corroborate ouranalysis and show that the proposed power control solution can efficientlymitigate interference between the cellular and D2D tier. The resultsdemonstrate that there exists the optimal D2D density for maximizing the areaSE of D2D tier. In addition, the achievable EE of a cellular user can becomparable to that of a D2D user.

Spectral and Energy Efficiency of Uplink D2D Underlaid Massive MIMO Cellular Networks