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Network latencies have become increasingly important for the performance ofweb servers and cloud computing platforms. Identifying network-related taillatencies and reasoning about their potential causes is especially important togauge application run-time in online data-intensive applications, where the99th percentile latency of individual operations can significantly affect thethe overall latency of requests.  This paper deconstructs the "tail at scale" effect across TCP-IP, UDP-IP, andRDMA network protocols. Prior scholarly works have analyzed tail latenciescaused by extrinsic network parameters like network congestion and flowfairness. Contrary to existing literature, we identify surprising rare tails inTCP-IP round-trip measurements that are as enormous as 110x higher than themedian latency. Our experimental design eliminates network congestion as atail-inducing factor. Moreover, we observe similar extreme tails in UDP-IPpacket exchanges, ruling out additional TCP-IP protocol operations as the rootcause of tail latency. However, we are unable to reproduce similar taillatencies in RDMA packet exchanges, which leads us to conclude that the TCP/UDPprotocol stack within the operating system kernel is likely the primary sourceof extreme latency tails.

Deconstructing the Tail at Scale Effect Across Network Protocols