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Shear banding is widely observed in natural fault zones as well as in gougelayers in laboratory experiments. Understanding the dynamics of strainlocalization under different loading conditions is essential for quantifyingstrength evolution of fault gouge, energy partitioning during earthquakes andcharacterizing rheological transitions and fault zone structure changes. Tothat end, we develop a physics-based continuum model for strain localization insheared granular materials. The grain-scale dynamics is described by the ShearTransformation Zone (STZ) theory, a non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamicframework for viscoplastic deformation in amorphous materials. Using a finitestrain computational framework, we investigate the initiation and growth ofcomplex shear bands under a variety of loading conditions and identifyimplication for strength evolution and ductile to brittle transition. Ournumerical results show similar localization patterns to field and labobservations and suggest that shear zones show more ductile response at higherconfining pressures, lower dilatancy and loose initial conditions. Lowerpressures, higher loading rates and higher dilatancy favor a brittle responseand larger strength drops. These findings shed light on a range of mechanismsfor strength evolution in dry sheared gouge and provide a critical input tophysics-based multiscale models of fault zone instabilities.

A Model for Athermal Strain Localization in Dry Sheared Fault Gouge