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Separation kernels provide temporal/spatial separation and controlledinformation flow to their hosted applications. They are introduced to decouplethe analysis of applications in partitions from the analysis of the kernelitself. More than 20 implementations of separation kernels have been developedand widely applied in critical domains, e.g., avionics/aerospace,military/defense, and medical devices. Formal methods are mandated by thesecurity/safety certification of separation kernels and have been carried outsince this concept emerged. However, this field lacks a survey tosystematically study, compare, and analyze related work. On the other hand,high-assurance separation kernels by formal methods still face big challenges.In this paper, an analytical framework is first proposed to clarify thefunctionalities, implementations, properties and standards, and formal methodsapplication of separation kernels. Based on the proposed analytical framework,a taxonomy is designed according to formal methods application,functionalities, and properties of separation kernels. Research works in theliterature are then categorized and overviewed by the taxonomy. In accordancewith the analytical framework, a comprehensive analysis and discussion ofrelated work are presented. Finally, four challenges and their possibletechnical directions for future research are identified, e.g. specificationbottleneck, multicore and concurrency, and automation of full formalverification.

High-Assurance Separation Kernels: A Survey on Formal Methods