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Small cells deployment is one of the most significant long-term strategicpolicies of the mobile network operators. In heterogeneous networks (HetNets),small cells serve as offloading spots in the radio access network to offloadmacro users (MUs) and their associated traffic from congested macrocells. Inthis paper, we perform analytical analysis and investigate how the radiopropagation effects such as multipath and shadowing and small cell base stationdensity affect MUs' offloading to small cell network (SCN). In particular, weexploit composite fading channels in our evaluation when an MU is offloaded toSCN with varying small and macro cell densities in the stochastic HetNetsframework. We derive the expressions for outage probability (equivalentlysuccess probability) of the MU in macro network and SCN for two differentcases, viz.: i) Nakagami-lognormal channel fading; ii) time-shared (combined)shadowed/unshadowed channel fading. We propose efficient approximations for theprobability density functions of the channel fading (power) for theabove-mentioned fading distributions that do not have closed-form expressionsemploying Gauss-Hermite integration and finite exponential series,respectively. Finally, the outage probability performance of MU with andwithout offloading options/services is analyzed for various settings of fadingchannels.

Outage Analysis of Offloading in Heterogeneous Networks: Composite Fading Channels