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How impulsive magnetic energy release leads to solar eruptions and how thoseeruptions are energized and evolve are vital unsolved problems in Heliophysics.The standard model for solar eruptions summarizes our current understanding ofthese events. Magnetic energy in the corona is released through drasticrestructuring of the magnetic field via reconnection. Electrons and ions arethen accelerated by poorly understood processes. Theories include contractingloops, merging magnetic islands, stochastic acceleration, and turbulence atshocks, among others. Although this basic model is well established, thefundamental physics is poorly understood. HXR observations usinggrazing-incidence focusing optics can now probe all of the key regions of thestandard model. These include two above-the-looptop (ALT) sources which bookendthe reconnection region and are likely the sites of particle acceleration anddirect heating. The science achievable by a direct HXR imaging instrument canbe summarized by the following science questions and objectives which are someof the most outstanding issues in solar physics (1) How are particlesaccelerated at the Sun? (1a) Where are electrons accelerated and on what timescales? (1b) What fraction of electrons is accelerated out of the ambientmedium? (2) How does magnetic energy release on the Sun lead to flares anderuptions? A Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI) instrument, which canbe built now using proven technology and at modest cost, would enablerevolutionary advancements in our understanding of impulsive magnetic energyrelease and particle acceleration, a process which is known to occur at the Sunbut also throughout the Universe.

Exploring impulsive solar magnetic energy release and particle acceleration with focused hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy