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This article presents an empirical study of how the use of relationaldatabase access technologies in open source Java projects evolves over time.Our observations may be useful to project managers to make more informeddecisions on which technologies to introduce into an existing project and when.We selected 2,457 Java projects on GitHub using the low-level JDBC technologyand higher-level object relational mappings such as Hibernate XML configurationfiles and JPA annotations. At a coarse-grained level, we analysed theprobability of introducing such technologies over time, as well as thelikelihood that multiple technologies co-occur within the same project. At afine-grained level, we analysed to which extent these different technologiesare used within the same set of project files. We also explored how theintroduction of a new database technology in a Java project impacts the use ofexisting ones. We observed that, contrary to what could have been expected,object-relational mapping technologies do not tend to replace existing ones butrather complement them.

On the Interaction of Relational Database Access Technologies in Open Source Java Projects