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Experiments often include multiple treatments, with the primary goal tocompare the causal effects of those treatments. This study focuses on comparingthe causal anatomies of multiple treatments through the use of causal mediationanalysis. It proposes a novel set of comparative causal mediation (CCM)estimands that compare the mediation effects of different treatments via acommon mediator. Further, it derives the properties of a set of estimators forthe CCM estimands and shows these estimators to be consistent (or conservative)under assumptions that do not require the absence of unobserved confounding ofthe mediator-outcome relationship, which is a strong and nonrefutableassumption that must typically be made for consistent estimation of individualcausal mediation effects. To illustrate the method, the study presents anoriginal application investigating whether and how the international legalstatus of a foreign policy commitment can increase the domestic political"audience costs" that democratic governments suffer for violating such acommitment. The results provide novel evidence that international legalizationcan enhance audience costs via multiple causal channels, including byamplifying the perceived immorality of violating the commitment.

Comparative Causal Mediation and Relaxing the Assumption of No Mediator-Outcome Confounding: An Application to International Law and Audience Costs