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The primate visual system has an exquisite ability to discriminate partiallyoccluded shapes. Recent electrophysiological recordings suggest that responsedynamics in intermediate visual cortical area V4, shaped by feedback fromprefrontal cortex (PFC), may play a key role. To probe the algorithms that mayunderlie these findings, we build and test a model of V4 and PFC interactionsbased on a hierarchical predictive coding framework. We propose thatprobabilistic inference occurs in two steps. Initially, V4 responses are drivensolely by bottom-up sensory input and are thus strongly influenced by the levelof occlusion. After a delay, V4 responses combine both feedforward input andfeedback signals from the PFC; the latter reflect predictions made by PFC aboutthe visual stimulus underlying V4 activity. We find that this model captureskey features of V4 and PFC dynamics observed in experiments. Specifically, PFCresponses are strongest for occluded stimuli and delayed responses in V4 areless sensitive to occlusion, supporting our hypothesis that the feedbacksignals from PFC underlie robust discrimination of occluded shapes. Thus, ourstudy proposes that area V4 and PFC participate in hierarchical inference, withfeedback signals encoding top-down predictions about occluded shapes.

Predictive coding in area V4: dynamic shape discrimination under partial occlusion