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With the anticipated increase in the number of low power base stations (BSs)deployed in small cell networks, blockage effects becoming more sensitive onwireless transmissions over high spectrums, variable propagation fadingscenarios make it hard to describe coverage of small cell networks. In thispaper, we propose a dual-directional path loss model cooperating withLine-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) transmissions for the fifthgeneration (5G) fractal small cell networks. Based on the proposed path lossmodel, a LoS transmission probability is derived as a function of thecoordinate azimuth of the BS and the distance between the mobile user (MU) andthe BS. Moreover, the coverage probability and the average achievable rate areanalyzed for 5G fractal small cell networks. Numerical results imply that theminimum intensity of blockages and the maximum intensity of BSs can notguarantee the maximum average achievable rate in 5G fractal small cellnetworks. Our results explore the relationship between the anisotropic pathloss fading and the small cell coverage in 5G fractal small cell networks.

A Dual-Directional Path-loss Model in 5G Wireless Fractal Small Cell Networks