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Current models of animal evolution focus on selection of individuals,ignoring the much faster selection of symbiotic bacteria. Here we takehost-symbiont interactions into account by introducing a PopulationGenetics-like model of holobionts exposed to toxic stress. The stress can bealleviated by selection of resistant individuals (host and bacteria) and bysecretion of a detoxification agent ("detox"). By defining a new measure,termed the Lamarckian, we show that selection of resistant bacteria over onegeneration of hosts leads to stress-dependent increase in the tolerance of thehost's offspring. This benefit is mediated by co-alleviation of toxic andphysiologic stress. Prolonged exposure leads to further adaptation by 'groupselection' of bacterial communities with higher detox per bacterium. Thesefindings show that Lamarckian adaptation can arise via interactions between twolevels of Darwinian selection within a holobiont system. The conclusions andmodelling framework are applicable to diverse types of holobiont systems.

Darwinian Selection Induces Lamarckian Adaptation in a Holobiont Model