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Traditionally, wireless cellular systems have been designed to operate inFrequency Division Duplexing (FDD) paired bands that allocates the same amountof spectrum for both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) communication. Such designis very convenient under symmetric DL/UL traffic conditions, as it used to bethe case when the voice transmission was the predominant service. However, withthe overwhelming advent of data services, bringing along large asymmetriesbetween DL and UL, the conventional FDD solution becomes inefficient. In thisregard, flexible duplexing concepts aim to derive procedures for improving thespectrum utilization, by adjusting resources to the actual traffic demand. Inthis work we review these concepts and propose the use of unpaired TimeDivision Duplexing (TDD) spectrum on the unused resources for small eNBs(SeNB), so that user equipment (UEs) associated to those SeNB could be servedeither in DL or UL. This proposal alleviates the saturated DL in FDD-basedsystem through user offloading towards the TDD-based system. The flexibleduplexing concept is analyzed from three points of view: a) regulation, b) LongTerm Evolution (LTE)standardization, and c) technical solutions.

Efficient use of paired spectrum bands through TDD small cell deployments