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Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) provides great improvements inspectral efficiency over legacy cellular networks, by coherent combining of thesignals over a large antenna array and by spatial multiplexing of many users.Since its inception, the coherent interference caused by pilot contaminationhas been believed to be an impairment that does not vanish, even with anunlimited number of antennas. In this work, we show that this belief isincorrect and an artifact from using simplistic channel models and suboptimalsignal processing schemes. We focus on the uplink and prove that with multicellMMSE combining, the spectral efficiency grows without bound as the number ofantennas increases, even under pilot contamination, under a condition of linearindependence between the channel covariance matrices. This condition isgenerally satisfied, except in special cases that are hardly found in practice.

Pilot Contamination is Not a Fundamental Asymptotic Limitation in Massive MIMO