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Magnetic resonance imaging technique known as DWI (diffusion-weightedimaging) allows measurement of water diffusivity on a pixel basis forevaluating pathology throughout the body and is now routinely incorporated intomany body MRI protocols, mainly in oncology. Indeed water molecules motionreflects the interactions with other molecules, membranes, cells, and ingeneral the interactions with the environment. Microstructural changes as e.g.cellular organization and/or integrity then affect the motion of watermolecules, and consequently alter the water diffusion properties measured byDWI. Then DWI technique can be used to extract information about tissueorganization at the cellular level indirectly from water motion. In general thesignal intensity in DWI can be quantified by using a parameter known as ADC(Apparent Diffusion Coefficient) emphasizing that it is not the real diffusioncoefficient, which is a measure of the average water molecular motion. In thesimplest models, the distribu- tion of a water molecule diffusing in a certainperiod of time is considered to have a Gaussian form with its widthproportional to the ADC. However, water in biological structures often displaysnon-Gaussian diffusion behavior, consequently the DWI signal shows a morecomplex behavior that need to be modeled following different approaches. Inthis work we explore the possibility to quantify the degree to which waterdiffusion in biologic tissues is non-Gaussian introducing the AKC parameter(Apparent Kurtosis Coefficient). In this work we have realized DWI non-Gaussiandiffusion maps to be used in the clinical routine along with standard ADC maps,giving to the radiologist another tool to explore how much structure inside avoxel is organized. In particular in this work some prostate DWI examples havebeen analyzed and will be shown.

Diffusion-Weighted MR imaging: Clinical applications of kurtosis analysis to prostate cancer