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The rapidly expanding hardware-intrinsic security primitives are aimed ataddressing significant security challenges of a massively interconnected worldin the age of information technology. The main idea of such primitives is toemploy instance-specific process-induced variations in electronic hardware as asource of cryptographic data. Among the emergent technologies, memristivedevices provide unique opportunities for security applications due to theunderlying stochasticity in their operation. Herein, we report a prototype of arobust, dense, and reconfigurable physical unclonable function primitives basedon the three-dimensional passive metal-oxide memristive crossbar circuits, bymaking positive use of process-induced variations in the devices' nonlinearI-Vs and their analog tuning. We first characterize security metrics for abasic building block of the security primitives based on a two layer stack withmonolithically integrated 10x10 250-nm half-pitch memristive crossbar circuits.The experimental results show that the average uniformity and diffusivity,measured on a random sample of 6,000 64-bit responses, out of ~697,000 total,is close to ideal 50% with 5% standard deviation for both metrics. Theuniqueness, which was evaluated on a smaller sample by readjusting conductancesof crosspoint devices within the same crossbar, is also close to the ideal 50%+/- 1%, while the smallest bit error rate, i.e. reciprocal of reliability,measured over 30-day window under +/-20% power supply variations, was ~ 1.5%+/- 1%. We then utilize multiple instances of the basic block to demonstratephysically unclonable functional primitive with 10-bit hidden challengegeneration that encodes more than 10^19 challenge response pairs and hascomparable uniformity, diffusiveness, and bit error rate.

Highly-Secure Physically Unclonable Cryptographic Primitives Using Nonlinear Conductance and Analog State Tuning in Memristive Crossbar Arrays