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Expecting events in time leads to more efficient behavior. A remarkable earlyfinding in the study of temporal expectancy is the foreperiod effect onreaction times; i.e., the influence or reaction time of the time period betweena warning signal and an imperative stimulus to which subjects are instructed torespond as quickly as possible. Recently it has been shown that the phase ofoscillatory activity preceding stimulus presentation is related to behavior.Here we connect both of these findings by reporting a novel foreperiod effecton the inter-trial phase coherence of the electroencephalogram (EEG) triggeredby stimuli to which subjects are instructed not to respond. Inter-trial phasecoherence has been used to describe regularities in phases of groups of trialstime locked to an event of interest. We propose a single-trial measure ofinter-trial phase coherence and prove its soundness. Equipped with thismeasure, and using a multivariate decoding method, we demonstrate that theforeperiod duration in and audiovisual attention-shifting task modulatessingle-trial phase coherence. In principle, this modulation could be anartifact of the decoding method used to detect it. We show that this is not thecase, since the modulation can also be observed using a simple averagingmethod. We show that the strength of this modulation correlates with subjectbehavior (both error rates and mean-reaction times). We anticipate that the newforeperiod effect on inter-trial phase coherence, and the decoding method usedhere to detect it, will be important tools to understand cognition at thesingle-trial level. In Part II of this manuscript, we support this claim, byshowing that changes in attention modulate the strength of the new foreperiodeffect on a trial-by-trial basis.

A new foreperiod effect on single-trial phase coherence. Part I: existence and relevance