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The accurate spatial location of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is crucial for bothproducing a detector response matrix (DRM) and follow-up observations by otherinstruments. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has the largest field ofview (FOV) for detecting GRBs as it views the entire unocculted sky, but as anon-imaging instrument it relies on the relative count rates observed in eachof its 14 detectors to localize transients. Improving its ability to accuratelylocate GRBs and other transients is vital to the paradigm of multi-messengerastronomy, including the electromagnetic follow-up of gravitational wavesignals. Here we present the BAyesian Location Reconstruction Of GRBs ({\ttBALROG}) method for localizing and characterising GBM transients. Our approacheliminates the systematics of previous approaches by simultaneously fitting forthe location and spectrum of a source. It also correctly incorporates theuncertainties in the location of a transient into the spectral parameters andproduces reliable positional uncertainties for both well-localized sources andthose for which the GBM data cannot effectively constrain the position. Whilecomputationally expensive, {\tt BALROG} can be implemented to enable quickfollow-up of all GBM transient signals. Also, we identify possible responseproblems that require attention as well as caution when using standard, publicGBM DRMs. Finally, we examine the effects of including the variance in locationon the spectral parameters of GRB 080916C. We find that spectral parameterschange and no extra components are required when these effects are included incontrast to when we use a fixed location. This finding has the potential toalter both the GRB spectral catalogs as well as the reported spectralcomposition of some well-known GRBs.

Awakening the BALROG (BAyesian Location Reconstruction Of GRBs): A new paradigm in spectral and location analysis of gamma ray bursts