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Reputation plays a major role in human societies, and it has been proposed asan explanation for the evolution of cooperation. While the majority of previousstudies equates reputation with a transparent and complete history of players'past decisions, in real life, reputations are often ambiguous and opaque. Usingweb-based experiments, we explore the extent to which opaque reputation worksin isolating defectors, with and without partner selection opportunities. Ourresults show that low reputation works as a signal of untrustworthiness,whereas medium or high reputation are not taken into account by participantsfor orienting their choices. We also find that reputation without partnerselection does not promote cooperative behavior; that is, defectors do not turninto cooperators only for the sake of getting a positive reputation. Finally,in a third study, we find that, when reputation is pivotal to selection, then asubstantial proportion of would-be-defectors turn into cooperators. Takentogether, these results provide insights on the characteristics of reputationand on the way in which humans make use of it when selecting partners but alsowhen knowing that they will be selected.

Partner selection supported by opaque reputation promotes cooperative behavior